Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Essay

Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Legal Framework - Essay Example Islamic finanical frameworks were especially sucessful in the pre-frontier time however were methodologicaly supplanted by customary money related foundations during the provincial period. Anyway in the course of the last thirty or so years, Islamic budgetary organizations have been making a formidible rebound. Today Islamic money related frameworks have not exclusively been set up in Islamic states, yet additionally universally. Additionally, various customary banks are likewise offering Islamic monetary administrations confirming the worldwide acknowledgment of Islamic money related establishments. As indicated by the World Bank, Islamic fiancial administrations are offered internationally by means of 284 money related foundations in 38 nations which are Islamic and non-Islamic states. Like any money related establishment, great and powerful corporate administration is fundamental for the viable and effective working of the foundation and for the security of partner premiums. The partner insterest are not generally money related in nature and can incorporate morals, values and additionally religion. For Islamic money related establishment, the amin premiums of partners is that the foundation offering Islamic budgetary administrations agree to Shariah standards. Hence Shariah-consistent working in an Islamic money related insitution is the key segment of corporate administration in Islamic monetary organizations. ... Anyway in the course of the last thirty or so years, Islamic money related organizations have been making a formidible rebound. Today Islamic monetary frameworks have not exclusively been set up in Islamic states, yet in addition globally. Besides, various regular banks are likewise offering Islamic monetary administrations confirming the worldwide acknowledgment of Islamic money related institutions.1 According to the World Bank, Islamic fiancial administrations are offered universally by means of 284 budgetary establishments in 38 nations which are Islamic and non-Islamic states.2 Like any money related foundation, great and successful corporate administration is important for the viable and productive working of the organization and for the assurance of partner premiums. The partner insterest are not generally financial in nature and can incorporate morals, values as well as religion. For Islamic budgetary organization, the amin interests of partners is that the foundation offerin g Islamic money related administrations agree to Shariah standards. Therefore Shariah-consistent working in an Islamic budgetary insitution is the key part of corporate administration in Islamic money related institutions.3 The test for Islamic monetary foundations in planning great and successful corporate administration builds is accommodating Shariah-agreeable standards with the premiums of all stakeholders.4 The partner relationship in Islamic monetary organizations is not quite the same as customary monetary establishments since benefit and hazard sharing standards change the idea of the partner relationship.5 Moreover, the meaning of property additionally changes the Islamic money related institution’s point of view on corporate

News in the United States Political System Essay

News in the United States Political System - Essay Example In any case, the characteristics of announcing and reporting in the nation positively have measurements along which they can improve, and a few eyewitnesses are even seriously condemning of the situation as for the media. The idea of substance and protections against predisposition are particularly disputable parts of the issue. There are 3 significant gatherings of partners concerning news and the media: the individuals who report, their crowds, and the substances secured by these reports (Bennett, 2007, p. 6). Every one of these classifications is additionally influenced by their circles of associates and votaries, and the impacts that media content have on their pictures and cultural positions. Be that as it may, the crowd ought to have priority in all issues identified with the advancement of media, in light of the fact that their imperative advantages ought not be undermined in any conditions. This record expositions a survey of how data is examined, dissected, and introduced by US media to its crowds, the effects on every one of the significant classes of partners, and how a portion of the significant saw restrictions can be tended to. It is to a great extent dependent on a significant book on the condition of the US media, which is generally utilized, and which is current too (Bennett, 2007, p. 6). Two critical elements overwhelm key US media forms: financial aspects and innovation. It is costly to accumulate direct data, and to disperse it also. Proprietors, publicists, and speculations of what crowds might want to see and hear, cast oppressive spells on the functions and choices of correspondents and most expert writers. Financial aspects rule news content (Hamilton, 2004, p. 7). The upside of free endeavor turns into a passage obstruction to the extent the assortment and spread of news is concerned. Editors need to work as officials, with eyes on lines of budget summaries, as opposed to on the qualities they ought to have, and the accountabilities which they should hold generally holy. Impedance and mediations by quarters which give money related food to the media isn't outright in any plain manner, yet the unpretentious impulses are not to be denied. The most persuasive of such weights on proficient journalistic procedures, identifies with the job of promoting. The last is straightforwardly identified with sizes of crowds. Truth and pertinence must be docile to speculating with regards to what individuals might want to peruse and to hear. This prompts a high level of subjectivity in the assessment of the media and its utility, in light of the fact that the populace which it serves is so assorted. TV has significantly dislodged the print media as a source mode for news (Bennett, 2007, p. 23). In this way, innovation is a deciding element in molding perspectives, and requires an augmentation if not a move of genuine detailing aptitudes from papers to electronic media structures. This part of media process doesn't end with TV as the Internet develops in impact at extraordinary rates. This pattern is set to quicken a lot further as cell phones offer to keep individuals in contact at practically all occasions. In any case, this doesn't imply that prevailing press is sentenced to out of date quality, and the resurgence of radio is a consoling case of how quality news the board can hold the loyalties of crowds. The business division of media is fantastically unpredictable, and most laypeople are not aware of the coordinations and the executives aptitudes which are fundamental

Light Reactions and Plant Pigments Free Essays

The Effect of Light Reactions on Plant Pigmentation Alyssa Martinez AP Biology fourth pd E. Perkins Abstract In this lab, we were to isolate shades and ascertain Rfâ values utilizing plant color chromatography, depict a method to decide the photosynthetic rate, think about photosynthetic rates at various light powers utilizing controlled examinations and clarify why rateâ of photosynthesis fluctuates under various ecological conditions. In the second piece of the lab, we utilized chloroplasts removed from spinach leaves and hatched then with DPIP and utilized the color decrease strategy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Light Reactions and Plant Pigments or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now At the point when the DPIP is diminished and becomesâ colorless, the resultant increment in light transmittance is estimated over aâ period of time utilizing a spectrophotometer. On the off chance that shades are isolated, at that point Rf esteems can be resolved. Presentation Paper chromatography is aâ useful procedure for isolating and recognizing shades and different particles from cell extricates that contain aâ complex blend of atoms. As dissolvable moves upâ theâ paper, it conveys along anyâ substances broke down in it. The more dissolvable, the furtherâ it ventures and the other way around. Beta carotene isâ the most rich carotene in plants and isâ carried along close to the dissolvable front since it is solvent andâ forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll contains oxygen and is discovered further from the dissolvable front since itâ is less solvent in the dissolvable and isâ slowed somewhere around hydrogenâ bonding to cellulose. Chlorophyll an isâ primary photosynthetic color in plants. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids catch light vitality and move it toâ chlorophyll an at the response place. Light isâ part of a continuum of radiation or vitality waves. Shorter frequencies of vitality have more prominent measures of vitality. Frequencies of light inside the obvious range ofâ light powerâ photosynthesis. Light is consumed by leafâ pigments while electrons inside each photosystem are helped to a higher vitality level. This vitality level isâ used to deliver ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH. ATP and NADPH are then utilized toâ incorporate CO2 into natural atoms. Set up ofâ the electron accepter, NADP, the compound DPIP will be subbed. It changes chloroplasts from blue to boring. Approach Acquire a 50 ml graduated chamber which has around 1 cm of dissolvable at the base. Cut a piece ofâ filter paper which will be sufficiently long to arrive at the dissolvable. Draw a line around 1. 5 cm from the base of the paper. Utilize a quarter to extricate the shades from spinach leaf cells and spot a little segment of leaf on the pencil line. Utilize the ribbed edge of the coin to squash the leaf cells and be certain the color line is on the pencil line. Placeâ the chromatographyâ paper in the chamber and spread the chamber. At the point when the dissolvable is around 1 cm from the highest point of the paper, expel the paperâ and quickly mark the area of the dissolvable front before it vanishes. Imprint the base of each color band and measure the separation each shade moved from theâ bottom of the shade birthplace to the base of the isolated color band and record the separations. At that point, turn on the spectrophotometer to heat up the instrument and set the frequency to 605 nm. Set up a hatching territory thatâ includes a light, water jar, and test tube rack. Name the cuvettes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, individually. Utilizing focal point tissue, wipe the outside dividers of each cuvette. Utilizing foil paper, spread the dividers and base of cuvette 2. Light ought to notâ be allowed inside cuvette 2 since it is a control for this investigation. Include 4 mL of refined water to cuvette 1. To 2, 3, and 4, include 3 mL of refined water andâ 1 mL of DPIP. To 5, include 3 mL in addition to 3 drops of refined water and 1mL of DPIP. Carry the spectrophotometer to zero by modifying the enhancer control handle until the meter peruses 0% transmittance. Include 3 drops of unboiled chloroplasts and spread the highest point of cuvette 1 with Parafilm and rearrange to blend. Supplement cuvette 1 intoâ the test holder and modify theâ instrument to 100% transmittance. Acquire the unboiled chloroplast suspension, mix to blend, and move 3 drops to cuvette 2. Promptly spread and blend cuvette 2. At that point expel it from the foil sleeve andâ insert it into the spectrophotometer’s test holder, read the rate transmittance, and record it. Supplant cuvette 2 into the foil sleeve,â and place it into the brooding test tube rack and turn on the flood light. Take and record extra readings at 5, 10, and 15â minutes. Blend the cuvette’s substance before each perusing. Take the unboiled chloroplast suspension, blend, and move 3 drops to cuvette 3. Quickly spread and blend cuvette 3 and supplement it into the spectrophotometer’s test holder, read the rate transmittance, and record. Supplant cuvette 3 into the hatching test tube rack. Take and record extra readings at 5, 10, andâ 15 minutes. Blend the cuvette’s substance just priorâ to every perusing. Acquire the bubbled chloroplast suspension, blend, and move 3 drops to cuvette 4. Quickly spread and blend cuvette 4. Addition it into the spectrophotometer’s test holder, read the rate transmittance, and record it. Supplant cuvette 4 into the brooding test tube rack and take and record extra readings at 5, 10, andâ 15 minutes. Spread and blend the substance of cuvette 5 and addition it into the spectrophotometer’s test holder, read the rate transmittance, andâ record. Supplant cuvetteâ 5 into the brooding test tube rack and take and record extra readings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Results Table 4. 1: Distance Moved by Pigment Band (millimeters) Band Number| Distance (mm)| Band Color| | Distance Solvent Front Moved ____ (mm) Table 4. 2: Analysis of Results __ = Rf for Carotene (yellow to yellow orange) __ = Rf for Xanthophyll (yellow) __ = Rf for Chlorophyll a (carry green to blue green) __ = Rf for chlorophyll b (yellow green to olive green) Table 4. 4: Transmittance (%) Time (minutes) Cuvette| 0| 5| 10| 15| 2 Unboiled/Dark| | 3 Unboiled/Light| | Boiled/Light| | 5 No Chloroplasts/Light| | Analysis of Results Graph Discussion Chromatographyâ isâ aâ techniqueâ usedâ toâ separateâ and recognize colors and different particles from cell removes that contain a perplexing blend of atoms. This can be utilized to distinguish the shades that are utilized in theâ process ofâ photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the procedure by which plants utilize light vitality to create chemicalâ energy as nourishment. This is the place plant shades become an integral factor since they are the motivation behind why the plant can retain light . Chlorophyll an is one suchâ pigment. These colors alongside numerous others are contained in organelles known as chloroplasts. One of the issues experienced over the span of this lab included human mistake when utilizing the spectrophotometer. The understudy made slight mistakes when setting the transmittance to the necessary levels. On a couple of events, the gathering inadvertently brought light into a cuvette where the variable being tried was the nonappearance of light. This may have caused some mistake when taking estimations of the percentageâ of transmittance. This brought about slanted information, which implied that the analysis must be rehashed again. During the initial segment of theâ lab, the gathering made a mistake by permitting some piece of the pigmentâ to be in the dissolvable. This altered our outcomes at long last. Subjects for Discussion 4A: Plant Pigment Chromatography 1. What elements are associated with the partition of the shades? The components associated with the detachment of theâ pigmentsâ from theâ spinach plantsâ are the pigments’ solvency in the arrangement, the amount they tie to the paper dependent on their substance structure, and the size of the shade particles. . Okay expect the Rf estimation of a color to be the equivalent if an alternate dissolvable were utilized? Clarify. No I would not expect the Rf esteems to be diverse in light of the fact that the shades will break up distinctively in various sorts of solvents. For instance, chlorophyll b is extremely solvent in hydrophobic arrangements, so if the squashed spinach cells on the paper were placed in a hydrophobic arrangement, the chlorophyll b would move the most noteworthy and likely be directly on the arrangement front, while different shades will move considerably less. 3. What sort of chlorophyll does the response community contain? What are the jobs of different colors? Chlorophyll an is in the response community, and different colors can ingest light from different frequencies that chlorophyll a can't retain light from, and afterward they move the vitality gathered from different frequencies to the chlorophyll a, giving more vitality to be utilized in photosynthesis. 4B: Photosynthesis/The Light Reaction 1. What is the capacity of DPIP in this investigation? DPIP is the electron acceptor in this analysis (rather than NADP which is what is ordinarily utilized in plants). The electrons helped to high vitality levels will lessen the DPIP, which will change its shading from blue to clear as increasingly high vitality electrons are consumed by it. 2. What atom found in chloroplast does DPIP â€Å"replace† in this test? It replaces NADP atoms that are found in chloroplasts. 3. What is the wellspring of the electrons that will decrease DPIP? The electrons originate from the photolysis of water. 4. What was estimated with the spectrophotometer in this trial? The light transmittance was estimated, which truly was the proportion of how much the chloroplasts decreased the DPIP 5. What is the impact of obscurity on the decrease of DPIP? Clarify. Murkiness will confine any response to happen. 6. What is the impact of

The Unexplained Puzzle Into Sat Writing Essay Samples

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Race And Just Us Or Justice For All - 2112 Words

Race and Just-Us or Justice For All Wise Allah ENG 122: English Composition II Prof. Ann Storey October 13, 2014 One out of every three black males born today can expect to go to prison if the trend in America continues at the rate it is right now. With the prison population in U.S. steady on the rise, is the prison industry a big business or a new form of slavery? Thanks to prison labor, the U.S. has become once again since the so-called abolishment of slavery, an attractive location for investment in work that was designed for Third World labor markets. http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-prison-industry-in-the-united-states-big-business-or-a-new-form-of-slavery/8289 Although the image of Lady Justice has a blindfold over her eyes to represent the theory of â€Å"blind justice,† which means that justice should be brought regardless to the victim’s and offender’s identities. We continue to have disparate numbers of minority inmates in the prison population, which is still escalating. Is this a result of a higher rate of minority crimes, or are minorities a victim of a crimin al act due to our judicial system removing the blindfold and is operating outside the realm of justice and equality based on racist ideology and greed? In order for us to diagnose this situation, we must penetrate the American Judicial System in the same manner that a physician cuts and enters a body to extricate cancer. If a physician does not get inside, there is nothing,Show MoreRelatedPoverty Inequality By Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1644 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality in Justice Equality means for all to be equal. However, this â€Å"equality† that is spoken of hardly exists in our society today and most definitely not in the past. Living in today’s society, many classifications are given to us. Things like gender, race, social status, wealth, background, age, and many other factors have come to define a single person in our world. 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Themes And Symbols In The Red Badge Of Courage - 992 Words

Symbols have a huge role in the everyday life. Somebody gives their loved one a red rose to express the love that they have for them. While the bride and the groom wear white apparels to their wedding to represent the new life, that they are starting together. In the novel, The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, a boy named Henry Fleming learns to face his fears. In the novel, A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, Gene goes back to his old school and recalls the events that happened to him while he was in school. Both novels have an important symbol that contributes to the theme. Symbolically speaking, Crane’s novel shows symbolism through an idea known as the red badge of courage. The red badge of courage, being the†¦show more content†¦However, he witnesses several men getting injured and seeing this contributes to his fear toward war. Henry’s emotional badge of courage is his cowardness which is seen when he explores the way wars are fought . He seems to be in a state of shock when watching how his friends of the regiment die ruthlessly in a battle. Henry, being able to escape from the battlefield, serves as an evidence that he was not ready for the lifestyle in a war. Soldiers dying out of pain, the extreme weather conditions, and the lack of supplies was horrifying for Henry. Henry’s red badge(s) of courage support the theme of overcoming his or her fears. Henry escapes the battlefield because he could not handle the terrors of the war, but the taunts of the society and the desire to get a red badge of courage compelled him to come back. Henry returns to war prepared to fight the enemy. It is an understanding that in order to defeat an individual’s fear, motivation and inspiration is required. Henry’s desire to get a red badge of courage inspires him to face his fears of war. Similarly, Knowles’ novel portrays a symbol of maturity through the Winter Session of the Devon School. 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A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time.† [Epigraph] Although he struggles to learn that being a soldier means more thanRead MoreDehumanization in the Red Badge of Courage2369 Words   |  10 Pagesnovel The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane forcefully depicts an epic adventure though war where the men fight for their lives. These men are subject to a scene which scars and destroys the human consciousness. The result of the war and its bloody landscape causes men to lose basic human judgment and replaces it with mindless violence. All of the men are stripped of what makes them unique and are subject to a merciless war . It is clear as shown by Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage the men

International Energy Policies

Questions: 1. Summary of decisions regarding climate change and energy policy in United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015, COP 21.2. Framework of Energy Policies in the United States.3. Impact of decisions from UNFCCC Meetings Conference of Parties on the energy policy of United States.4. Key global challenges and issues faced the world oil and gas industry. Answers: Introduction The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty. It was formed to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases within the environment so as to avoid unsafe interference in the climate. UNFCCC serves as the formal meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP) to consider the development while dealing with the climatic change. In 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 was held in Paris. The negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Paris Agreement, which would govern the climate change reduction measures from 2020 (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015). In order to support the Paris Agreement only 55 countries make at least 55 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions. The report analyzes the framework of the energy policies along with the key global challenges and issues faced by the oil as well as gas industry of United States. This report critically evaluates the impact of the Paris Agreement decisions on the energy policy of the United States. Further, recommendations are given to overcome the challenges and issues in the oil as well as gas industry. 1. Summary of decisions regarding climate change and energy policy in United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015, COP 21 The primary purpose of the Paris Agreement, based on the negotiations of the UNCCC of 2015 was to limit global warming to less than 2 degree Celsius. In addition to this, the agreement also aimed at attaining zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by the latter half of the 21st Century. The decisions that were taken in the conference regarding climate change and energy policy are the outcomes of the UNFCCC. Firstly, it takes the decision to control the rise of global temperature and maintain it below 2 degree Celsius. Secondly, it commits all the countries to report on the carbon emissions to achieve nationally determined contributions. Thirdly, it extends a mechanism in order to address loss and damage resulting in climate change, which serves as a basis for liability or compensation (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015). Fourthly, this agreement calls for a mechanism, which is similar to Clear Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which en ables in reduction of carbon emission. The Paris Agreement makes the latest step in the evolution of the UN climate change with the acceptance of the Framework Convention. This agreement articulates two long-term emissions goals such as peak emissions and goal of neutrality of net greenhouse gas. Burns (2015) opined that the agreement also establishes a new method to succeed the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism, which generates tradable emission offsets. The main objective of UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas absorptions within the atmosphere to an extent so as to reduce dangerous repercussions of climate change. At the Paris meeting, the international agreement decides to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. It was agreed to aim for a temperature increase below 2 degree Celsius as well as aim for less than 1.5 degrees. Moreover, it proposes that the government initiates mitigation actions to lower the carbon emissions (Carbonwatch.com, 2015). 2. Framework of Energy Policies in the United States The principles discussion in the UNFCCC conference has influenced the energy policy of United States, which has direct to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as the Kyoto Protocol. In the year 2015, the Paris Agreement consolidated the years of negotiations with an agreement along with 188 countries in order to connect the emissions of carbon dioxide. The agreement based on change in climate will emphasise the reduction of carbon emissions (Carbonwatch.com, 2015). The policy is measured to meet both the obligations as well as objectives of the Paris Agreement that have been executed at the national level (Lind et al. 2013). The ultimate goal of the energy policy of US is to seek the lowest price of the energy with the implication that the environmental consequences should not be tailored as a part of the cost. The other goal of the energy policy of US is to reduce the burning of fossil fuels and replaces the fossil fuels energy with nuclear power (Jenner and L amadrid, 2013). The main goal is to develop all the sources of energy to ascertain that they are available at reasonable prices. It is called all of the above strategy. The energy policy of US would not matter except for factor such as the supply of fossil fuel is additional than 80 percent of the worlds energy. Due to burning of fossil fuels, most of the regions of US are induced with climatic change (Miller, Richter and OLeary, 2015). The country has less time to reduce the carbon emissions in order to avoid the risk of catastrophic climate consequences. 3. Impact of decisions from UNFCCC Meetings Conference of Parties on the energy policy of United States Due to the adoption of the Paris Agreement, it gives a major impact on the energy policy of United States. In order to achieve the aim of limiting the global warming to 2 degree Celsius, US require reducing their emissions by 95 percent approximately with additional changes. The countries fulfil their commitment jointly, and it improves the competence of compliance throughout flexibility mechanism. Although the countries those are following the Kyoto Protocol, it has reduced their emissions nationally (Onat, Kucukvar and Tatari, 2015). There are three mechanisms that have been recognized to improve the financial efficiency of reductions and they are emission trading, clean development mechanism as well as joint implementation. 3.1 Emission trading It is a business sector based approach, dealing with the environmental objectives permitting the United States to diminish the emission of greenhouse gases (Jasper, 2014). It is done to increase reductions to balance the emission at another source, inside as well as outside the nation. Smyth and Narayan (2015) opined that trading happens at worldwide, intra-organization as well as domestic levels. 3.2 Clear Development Mechanism This mechanism is proposed by the developed countries to reduce the emission of carbon in developing countries. Axelrod and VanDeveer (2014) argued that the developed countries earn authorized emission reduction divisions that used beside the country's reduction obligation. This method is focused on the expansion aid as well as emission reduction. 3.3 Joint implementation One urbanized the country with emission caps work with another in a project-based method. It is done to decrease the emissions as well as share their resulting emission reduction units (Goldemberg and Guardabassi, 2015). 4. Key global challenges and issues faced the world oil and gas industry Due to Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Production levels, the prices of oil have dropped resulting in the boom in the U.S. oil as well as other factors. The prices if oil and gas become the determining factor to understand whether the reserve is cost-effectively reasonable (Axelrod and VanDeveer, 2014). The operational cost is also a risk in oil and gas industry. The companies are struggling to retain qualified workers, as they require during the boom times. Therefore, the payroll also rises to add another cost to the entire companies (Bohringer, 2014). However, the oil and gas industries have a high capital-intensive with very few players at the time. These are key challenges that are faced by the oil as well as gas industry. Podobnik (2015) argued from the two months that the trend of extended upward pressure on the price of oil was a dominant feature of spring 2004. Additionally, production of OPEC increases, the commercial crude oil inventories have risen to the secured levels (Smyth and Narayan, 2015). The following are the key issues and challenges in the oil and gas industry: 4.1 Energy demand and supply The crude oil demand is superior to its supply. Due to economic as well as population growth, the global demand of energy has doubled in the first half of the century (Sabel and Victor, 2015). The global oil supply company will struggle to keep pace with the demand due to declining output in mature fields by 80 percent in the year 2035. 4.2 Increase the production of the liquid fuels Oil as well as gas industry faces a vital challenge of the storage of liquid fuel in this period (Anuar and Abdullah, 2016). The American Petroleum Institute points towards the fact that the production of oil sand limits in 2014 due to a scarcity of pipelines leading from the refineries towards the market. The rising demand of the oil as well as gas can meet by expanding the fuel mix with the hi-tech technologies. It is only achieved by increasing the contribution of the bio fuels. As the bio fuels are highly beneficial so they are compatible with the existing infrastructures of the organization. 4.3 Fluctuate crude prices Due to political stability as well as efforts in different regions of the world, it leads to fluctuation in the price of fuel. The issues that lead to fluctuation of crude oils are slow approval of new capital projects and acquisition of the activity (Westphal, 2016). It is required to maintain an effective operation to maintain the margin in the environment. In order to overcome with this challenge, the oil as well as gas industry should atomize the drilling mechanism as well as robotic technology. 4.4 Cost of services The increase in the cost of services is a vital disruption for oil as well as gas industry. This increased cost cuts the value chains from exploration to the production and refining (Brook and Bradshaw, 2015). It results in a higher price of a commodity as well as it is driven the industry action to point the service industry lacks the capacity in order to respond. Both the server as well as desktop virtualization manages the cost of the services. Recommendations The following are the recommendations to overcome the key global issues and challenges of the world gas and oil industry: Implementation of Energy Efficiency Strategies: The administration of the United States ought to keep up their ways towards secure sustainable energy system by supporting the execution of energy efficiency strategies with an emphasis on transport and also building segments. Completion of Quadrennial Energy Audit: Completing the procedure lead to the quadrennial energy audit and, in addition, it is required to re-set up a stable and vital coordinated standpoint for the energy sector. Providing Bio-fuels: The rising demand of the oil and gas expands the transportation fuel mix with the hi-tech technologies. It is attained by raising the contribution of the bio-fuels. This is extremely beneficial as it is compatible with the existing infrastructures. Assertion of Robotic Drilling System: The oil and gas industries should assert use of new Robotic Drilling System, which establishes a raised security and is a cost-effective preparation for drilling activities both offshore, and on the land. Implementation of Modern Supply Chain Management Technology: Supply chain modern technology should be utilized by the oil and gas industry so that the system can access the computational web servers with superior speed to access the data. It allows the administrators to handle the improved supply of crude oil. This supply system optimizes the possible advantages of the collaboration among the oil and gas industry as well as its vendor organizations. Conclusion It is concluded that from the past two decades, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings which were held at the Paris in 2015 aimed to find the solution for the impact of global warming which refers to change in climate. The Paris agreement establishes a new method to succeed the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism, which generates tradable emission offsets. However, technologies, as well as collaboration, are the key factors to upstream the reserves growth. Regarding the change in advanced technology and environmental threats, the industries are also changing so rapidly. Even from the internal as well as external critics, it is seen that United States is locked in their national-level energy policy. However, the decisions, which are taken in the agreements, give a high impact on the energy policy of the oil and gas industry. References Anuar, M.R. and Abdullah, A.Z. (2016). Challenges in biodiesel industry with regards to feedstock, environmental, social and sustainability issues: A critical review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,58, pp.208-223. Axelrod, R.S. and VanDeveer, S.D. eds. (2014).The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy: Institutions, Law, and Policy. CQ Press. Bohringer, C. (2014). Two decades of European climate policy: A critical appraisal.Review of Environmental Economics and Policy,8(1), pp.1-17. Available at: https://www.car.chula.ac.th/curef-db/Hot_Articles/BE_Feb57.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Brook, B.W. and Bradshaw, C.J. (2015). Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology,29(3), pp.702-712. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12433/full [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Burns, W.C. (2016). Loss and Damage and the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Available at SSRN 2710086. Carbonwatch.com, (2015).1 What is the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism. [online] Carbonwatch.com. Available at: https://www.carbonwatch.com/Kyoto%20Protocol.htm [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Goldemberg, J. and Guardabassi, P. (2015). Burden sharing in the implementation of the Climate Convention.Energy Policy,81, pp.56-60. Jasper, J.M. (2014).Nuclear politics: Energy and the state in the United States, Sweden, and France. Princeton University Press. Jenner, S. and Lamadrid, A.J. (2013). Shale gas vs. coal: Policy implications from environmental impact comparisons of shale gas, conventional gas, and coal on air, water, and land in the United States.Energy Policy,53, pp.442-453. Available at: https://www.demonish.com/cracker/1431323517_c1d4f27e92/jenner_lamadrid_2013.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Lind, R.C., Arrow, K.J., Corey, G.R., Dasgupta, P., Sen, A.K., Stauffer, T., Stiglitz, J.E. and Stockfisch, J.A. (2013).Discounting for time and risk in energy policy(Vol. 3). Routledge. Miller, C.A., Richter, J. and OLeary, J. (2015). Socio-energy systems design: a policy framework for energy transitions.Energy Research Social Science,6, pp.29-40. Onat, N.C., Kucukvar, M. and Tatari, O. (2015). Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States.Applied Energy,150, pp.36-49. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nuri_Onat/publication/275100213_Conventional_hybrid_plug-in_hybrid_or_electric_vehicles_State-based_comparative_carbon_and_energy_footprint_analysis_in_the_United_States/links/5532ee3b0cf2f2a588b0566a.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Podobnik, B. (2015). Global energy inequalities: exploring the long-term implications.journal of world-systems research,8(2), pp.252-274. Available at: https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/viewFile/270/282 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Sabel, C.F. and Victor, D.G. (2015). Governing global problems under uncertainty: making bottom-up climate policy work.Climatic Change, pp.1-13. Available at: https://www3.law.columbia.edu/sabel/papers/Sabel%20and%20Victor%20Climatic%20Change%20MAY%2027.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Smyth, R. and Narayan, P.K. (2015). Applied econometrics and implications for energy economics research.Energy Economics,50, pp.351-358. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Russell_Smyth/publication/264981475_Applied_Econometrics_and_Implications_for_Energy_Economics_Research/links/55d8cf2f08aed6a199a88d6b.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (2015).United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/international_unfccc.php [Accessed 1 Apr. 2016]. Westphal, K. (2016). International Energy Governance Revisited: Fragmented Landscapes, Diverging Dilemmas, and Emerging (Dis) Orders.Challenges of European External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers, p.289.

Philosophy - Socrates Essays - Dialogues Of Plato,

Philosophy - Socrates Philosophy is a vast field. It examines and probes many different fields. Virtue, morality, immortality, death, and the difference between the psyche (soul) and the soma (body) are just a few of the many different topics which can be covered under the umbrella of philosophy. Philosophers are supposed to be experts on all these subjects. The have well thought out opinions, and they are very learned people. Among the most revered philosophers of all time was Socrates. Living around the 5th century B.C., Socrates was among the first philosophers who wasn't a sophist, meaning that he never felt that he was wise for he was always in the pursuit of knowledge. Unfortunately, Socrates was put to death late in his life. One of his best students, Plato, however, recorded what had occurred on that last day of Socrates' life. On that last day of his life, Socrates made a quite powerful claim. He claimed that philosophy was merely practice for getting used to death and dying. At first, the connection between philosophy and death is not clear. However, as we unravel Socrates' argument backing up his claim, the statement makes a lot of sense. In order for Philosophers to examine their world accurately and learn the truth accurately, they must remove them selves of all distractions. These not only include physical distractions, but they include mental distractions and bodily distractions as well. Philosophers must get used to viewing and examining the world with out any senses. Senses merely hinder and obscure the truth. Sight for example can be fooled easily with optical illusions which occur normally in nature. Sound can be very distracting as well when a philosopher is trying to concentrate. All of these cloud the judgement, and must therefore be detached from the soul. Socrates argues that philosophers must view the world around them with their souls in order to accurately learn about it. However, by detaching their souls from all bodily functions, philosophers may as well be in an induced state of death. In mortem, the soul wanders free and there are no bodily hindrances. Socrates also believed that philosophers look upon death with good cheer and hope. This I find hard to believe because if this were true, the philosopher would not be able to love life, and without the love of life, there is no life to examine and learn about. It is understandable however from another point of view to understand why the philosopher would look forward to death with good cheer. Once the philosopher is dead, his soul is free to roam around without hindrances forever, and all the worlds secrets shall be revealed to him. In fact, Socrates' sees his death as a liberation from the shackles of life for his last wish was for Crito to sacrifice a rooster to Asclepius. This god was normally given sacrifices to free the sickly from the grips of a virus or illness. Perhaps Socrates saw the body as a sickness that fed upon the soul. If this were the case, then indeed Socrates would be happy to leave the bonds of life, for then he could have an eternity to seek out his answers, all without the diversions and distractions of a body. Socrates believed that it was this search that was important, even more so than the answers them selves. Socrates believed that the journey toward the answers is where most of the learning takes place, and it is this journey that truly integrates the answers as part of your very own being. --===--

Employee Benefits Essays - Employee Relations, Free Essays

Employee Benefits Essays - Employee Relations, Free Essays Employee Benefits If you have employees, than salaries, wages & benefits are a large part of your monthly expenses. You want to make sure you are getting the most productivity for your money. When you have a problem with low employee motivation and/or productivity, it is important to search for the reason. Some may feel underpaid, another may want more recognition or interaction with other people. Simply raising your employee's pay or giving them a promotion may not be the answer. You can reduce unwanted employee turnover & related recruiting, hiring & training costs by shifting experienced employees. The key is to recognize the workers value & aspirations. Age, education, job experience, job fullfillment, marital status & family size are all considerations that determine the attractiveness of a benefit. Its important to remember that everyones needs are different. An older person may want more status like a title or professional association membership. There are some more common flexible benefits you may want to include as part of the program: -pre-tax thrift-savings programs -recreational programs -discounts -scholarship -personal financial planning -loans -tuition refund -profit sharing -company car -personal expense account -parking privelages -legal assistance -flex-time -extra vacation -child care -job title -professional or trade association membershops -travel Not only do the benefits satisfy the employee's needs, but it also communicates your concerns to meet those needs, creating the kind of work environment that contributes to increased employee productivity. To create a win/win situation, offer benefits that will meet employee needs while still providing the most value to your business.

Reason and Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reason and Faith - Essay Example Faith is the opposite of reason, and it does not require any evidence for an individual to believe in a given issue or authority. On this basis, faith is a demonstration of assent or trust (Albl, 22). Faith, therefore, involves an act of commitment that emanates from the believer, in relation to a given belief. Religious faith involves the belief of an individual to a supernatural deity or God. The root cause of this faith always comes from an individual revelation of God, or the workings of God (The Bible, 3). On this note, revelation can either be direct, personally experiencing the powers of God. It can also be indirect, that is experiencing the powers of God through the testimonies of other people. Faith that emanates from religion is of two types, namely evidence insensitive faith, and evidence sensitive faith. Evidence sensitive faith is built upon by demonstrable truths, which includes testimonies brought forth by believers or people who ascribe to the same Faith. Mueller (27) denotes that this type of faith is also built on the teachings and lives of people who believed in God. On the other hand, Mueller (29) denotes that evidence-insensitive faith is built upon the individual experiences of a person with his God. All (26) explains that it is possible for a person to believe in God, through faith, or through reason. This paper takes a stand that the Bible is the main book that provides guidance on an individual’s Christian faith. The reason is only used to confirm and provide support for the various religious beliefs. Prickett and Robert (36) denote that the main factor that led to the problems associated with reason and faith comes from the concept of revelation. All religious beliefs are based on revelations. Revelations always entail an individual’s experiences with God, which in turn they are described through sacred pronunciations (Prickett and Robert, 33).  Ã‚  

Wireless Security Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless Security Policy - Assignment Example The implementation and administration of radio communication in the wireless networks occurs at the physical layer of the Open Systems Interconnection, or OSI, model (Rus & Donohue, 2010). This paper will address a wireless security policy for a medium sized banking organization, highlighting the policy overview, purpose, scope, applicability and security requirements. It will also address wireless network requirements, device requirements, standards supported by the organization, ethical guidelines and policy enforcement. Wireless Security Policy Overview Wireless networks occur in various forms, which are wireless PAN (WPAN), wireless LAN (WLAN), wireless WAN (WWAN), wireless MAN (WMAN), wireless mesh networks and cellular networks. Devices in relatively small physical areas are connected through WPAN. WLANs link several devices over short distances via wireless distribution methods such as internet access points, allowing users connection and mobility simultaneously. WMANs link a number of WLANs while WWANs cover large geographical areas, like neighboring cities and towns. For a banking organization, policies create a foundation on which all security initiatives are built. Therefore, the bank needs to come up with standards and policies on data integrity and confidentiality while putting into consideration security levels imposed by government regulation (NIST, 2003). Purpose and Scope The key purpose of wireless network security in a bank is to allow employees freedom of mobility while accessing the network to deliver better customer service without compromising the confidentiality of both the customers’ and the organization’s information (Goldsmith, 2005). The security measures implemented should protect the wireless signals from their vulnerability to eavesdropping and meet audit requirements. Since standards for wireless network security emerge and evolve continuously with technological developments, the bank must keep abreast with the chan ges to avoid being exposed to reputation and strategic risks. The bank’s ability to avoid or manage the risks is dependent on the effectiveness of its management and board oversight; effectiveness of procedures and policies to implement and run wireless projects; the network’s capacity and reliability; the business continuity plan’s adequacy; and the actions taken to monitor undesirable events. Applicability The applicability of the security system should accord clients seamless interactions with the bank and their accounts. This means it must be structured specifically for the requirements of non-company users while prohibiting incidents such as personal use by employees or sending financial records over the network. Although WLANs typically provide unrestricted access to the Internet and an organization’s entire network, the bank should consider blocking its wireless subnets from its Intranet and intranet. It must be specified who has the authority to u se the WLAN as well as their level of access. Regardless of the way access is allowed, it is essential that the scope of access is determined and defined clearly in the bank’s wireless security policy and implementation (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). The CEO and the head of the technical department should be the only ones with exclusive access to critical information, and the policy should also stipulate that access by one of them should be known by the other. Wireless Network Security Requirements The internal department that will be given the responsibility of deploying the wireless access points (WAPs) and the devices, also known as stations, to be used within the network, should also be determined.

Islamic Arabia Essay Example for Free

Islamic Arabia Essay Signs of Islam using the Koran as the foundations of its life and values being more accepting of women whether they are married or single are easier to see than in Christianity that made use of the Bible as the basis of its spiritual teachings. Accommodations in Islam which means accepting women as people of sacred, substantial, cultural, social and moral worth began its call even before pre-Islamic Arabia (Smith 52). Increasingly, however, Christians are turning women into little more than just sex objects. Many other societies have actually demoted women with two pieces of skimpy cloth walking down the ramp, viewed on tubes for global audience use, drowning the usual human values, robbed of natural human distinction. The core of a woman is being destroyed by the image of being just sex objects. Mankind should remember that the origin of all is just one pair. Eve’s progeny reminds mankind to be grateful for her willingness to be the mother of the first children earth ever had and the generations later should be proud of the founding of humankind. Femininity is a tribute to society. Childbearing honors women who bear a child in her womb for nine long months, who goes through the pains of giving birth, and the burden of breastfeeding. Being a woman and a capable mother have great societal significance to Muslims, recognizing and accepting women’s role. There are two top religions in the world today that is reaping much awareness and credit. The 1st is Islam, which is the cult of those who believe in Muhammad as a messenger of God, differing according to culture, and Christian religion, the cult of those who believe in Jesus Christ the son of Mary, modified according to culture,. Though Muhammad and Jesus Christ have both been influenced by some patriarchal views (Fiorenza 316), they have also in many ways differing concepts about women in their respective time and society. Like, in one occasion when it came to the knowledge of Muhammad that a couple committed adultery, he ordered them to be stoned to death right in front of his mosque (Mishkat 267), on the other hand when Jesus received the report from a witnessed a woman committing adultery, and so she must be penalized according to Jewish law, Jesus said sternly, â€Å"Let him who is without sin among you throw the first stone at her†, discarding double standard of morality (John 122). However, in his personal affairs Muhammad advised his men to treat their women with kindness (Al-Bukhari   80). Today, long time after Jesus and Muhammad, these values have so much evolved as intellectual education intensifies bringing about much understanding of human nature and modifications to a changing ecosystem. It can not be denied however that there still exist varying scales as to acceptability of women in Islam or in Christianity. Accepting of women in society is relative when looked upon the perspective of Islam after the time of Muhammad as against those of the Christians after the time of Jesus without neglecting cultural values. In Islam women were raised on a pedestal over 1, 400 years ago (Jumuah 62), when Muhammad directed his followers to regard women with compassion (Al-Bukhari 1, 55, 62, 80). They were acknowledge   to be the sisters of men, bestowing rights: to education up to the highest intensity, the right to decide on their marriage partner, the right to end an unhappy marriage, the right to inheritance, and the rights of a full citizen of a state (Jumuah 62), though, cultural differences still exist. While Christianity is more liberal, it leaves women to find its own level in the strata of society (Luke 81). Christian codes do not specify and provide rights for women. Christians adopts rights for women founded by men as cultural dictates (Fiorenza 1083) incorporated in individual state and governmental laws, which changes from time to time as revised to suit a presumed social need (Luke 89). Islam considers that men and women are at par when it comes to value as pieces and parts of humanity (Jumuah 63), but, these changes from customs to ethnicity. A man can not be victorious in his life without a woman. Their rights and tasks crossover and balance their totality because their roles are harmonizing and shared, although their duties might clash in certain areas of life in accordance with their basic physical and psychological disparity, where each is equally liable for their actual tasks (Jumuah 63), according to culture. Not one sex is either better or lesser than the other in any way, depending upon the Muslim culture where one belongs. There are however those who practice primarily according to their culture, which is not definitely a teaching of Islam according to its advocates, because culture does not crossover nor influence the Islamic code which is likewise the Qur’an, since the Qur’an is all embracing and above anyone’s culture. They oppress women which is simply a reflection of local customs that are definitely inconsistent and contrary to the teachings of Islam (Jumuah 62). Not only material and physical rights are given to women. They have also the right to be treated with kindness and consideration because it is provided for in the Qur’an. Under Islamic law the following provisions are given to women: when a Muslim woman marries she does not lose her maiden name in place of her husband (Jumuah 63). She has the right to keep her identity. She is given a gift by her husband to be, prior to their marriage which is also called a dowry (Ali 759). It is a personal gift that is at her disposal or which she can spend to buy properties, invest on whatever she feels she must without the influence of anyone from her family (Ali 759). The man must provide for the needs of his wife and the family even if she has the money of her own (Ali 759). She is not in any way obligated to spend anything for the family, which relieves the woman from the burden of earning a living. She however has the option to work if she finds it necessary. As the family is similar to any systematic organization, leadership is bestowed upon men. The Qur’an Clearly states that the husband is to some degree higher than the wife being the leader and guardian of the family. This does not in any way presume a right nor a license to be the tyrant of the household. It is rather the complete responsibility of the husband to care for the family (Jumuah 63). Karen Armstrong in a biography said, the emancipation of women was dear to the Prophets heart, describing: women were treated inferiorly with no rights like slaves in pre-Islamic time, but Muhammad allowed them to stand as witnesses and gave them the right to inheritance (Armstrong 191). The concept of women’s dress is of Islamic moral, social and legal values. By their observance of proper dress code, men and women alike protect their honor and reputation in a society contributing to it largely along peace and order. It is also A Qur’anic revelation While Jesus did not marry, Muhammad had several wives after Khadija his first wife, for different reasons such as: widows who needs provisions (Ali 53), widows with orphans who needs a fatherly attention (Ali 129), literacy of a woman, wealth of a woman, the widow being the wife of the enemy (Ali 129), political alliances and as a virgin wife like Aisha (Mishkat 3:13). A woman has four reasons to marry: wealth, family status, beauty and religion (Al-Bukhari 16, 32). Divorces were allowed even before pre-Isalmic times (Smith 52), while it was only a male prerogative in the Jewish law (Deuteronomy 176). But, Jesus made it irrevocable (Mark 56). Jesus helped women, honored them like the hunchback, one he called daughter of Abraham after she was healed from illness (Luke 93), and praised another for anointing him with oil (Mark 62). Jesus parables showed his compassion for women (Matthew 34).

The Last Juror :: essays research papers

The Last Juror by John Grisham 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"From day one she was intimidated by me because I was from Memphis and had gone to school up North for five years. I was careful not to wear my Ivy Leagueness on my shoulder, but at the same time I wanted these rural Mississippians to know that I had been superbly educated. (page 10)† There are two literary elements that could be categorized in this excerpt. I think that John Grisham highlights his use of satire very vividly early on in the book. He is placing a reasonable amount of underestimation upon a southerner’s overall intelligence. Simply because he was educated â€Å"up North† he feels he is worthy of a higher ranking. Although the character says he does not want to â€Å"wear† his Ivy League education for all to adore, he most certainly wants it known that his education was among the best one could buy. The second literary element is setting. Although it does not give descriptive geographical characteristics, we can get a sense of the Mississippi vibe. Depending on whether a reader is from the North or the South, some type of connection to their homeland can be made. We have a northerner experiencing, and reminiscing rather keenly, the way in which he first experienced his own dose of southern comfort. The object that I chose to corr elate with this particular excerpt was an Ivy League diploma. Although our main character, William Traynor, is geographically located in the south, mentally he still feels connected to the North and the education he received from it. This diploma would be brought with him as a constant reminder of who he is as an individual and the prideful attitude he possesses. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I marveled once again at the backwardness of Mississippi. ‘Still fightin’ the War,’ was a slogan I’d heard several times in Ford County (page 47).† Although there a numerous literary terms that could be applied to this excerpt, followed by extensive reflection on the true backwardness of the state of Mississippi at this time, I would like to focus mainly on the theme represented here. Looking deep into the story many themes regarding the will to succeed, morals, and racism all arise yet an overall theme that can be collected stems all the way back to the Civil War. The major theme that is constantly radiated from the pages of John Grisham’s story is the diversity between the North and the South.

Psychology as a Science Essay

According to Russell & Jarvis(2003: 469) â€Å"the word ‘science’ comes from the Latin word ‘scire’, meaning ‘to know'†; thus it is the knowledge of specific study. Psychology was defined by Atkinson et al. (2000: 3, cited by Mestre. et al. 2002: 811) as the â€Å"scientific study of behaviour and mental processes†. Psychology has been universally recognised as a science since the late 1800’s when James (1890, cited by Gross 1999: 3) stated that ‘Psychology is the Science of Mental Life†. Though many praise the study of psychology for it’s findings and achievements there will always be those who are sceptical of these findings and whether or not they can be seen as ‘solid’. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is widely seen as the ‘founding father’ of ‘new psychology’, in which we mean psychology as a separate scientific discipline, rather than it had been previously; a part of philosophy. Wundt created ‘structuralism’, this is the study of the mind by breaking all chains of thought down in to such things as images, feelings and sensations, for example, if one were to think of chocolate, one may picture the bar, have a feeling of desire for the bar which may produce the sensation of hunger. By studying the conscious mind using introspection he would record the results of his studies, these would be performed under controlled conditions, by which we mean no outside interferences or influences. However, his methods were heavily criticised as it only studied conscious processes, he was also very select in whom he selected for these tests, children and the mentally disturbed for example, were not considered for his studies as he believed they could not use introspection to a successful degree. Thus, introspection cannot be considered a scientific study as it does not aim to discover the mental processes for all humans; it does not allow for generalisation as not all possible subjects have been tested. There are many arguments for and against psychology as a science, let us focus on the arguments for psychology first. Classical and operant conditioning are still widely used on various different subjects, classical (or ‘Pavlovian’) conditioning is the method of teaching a response when a conditional stimulus is in place, for example the study of Pavlov’s dog – the dog was trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, this study was performed under lab conditions and therefore in a controlled environment in which and influences could be eradicated, this was fully testable and as proposed by Popper(1969, cited by Russell & Jarvis 2003: 469) â€Å"a theory or hypothesis needs to be fully testable to be scientific†. This method of conditioning is used in every day society, for example, though when young, one is never told that during ‘play time’ if a teacher or someone of authority blows a whistle one is meant immediately to stop what he or she is doing, it is a natural reaction to pay attention to the person whom commanded the attention and, in a case of a teacher/student situation, follow their instructions. Operant conditioning also follows the proposal that Popper suggested as it is used every day, when teaching an animal or human, whether they be an adult or a child. For example, operant conditioning is used when teaching a pet a new trick such as sitting down or shaking hands, the pet is initially guided in what it is supposed to do by it’s owner, then treated after the act as been performed, over time the pet will ‘learn’ that if it obeys the command of â€Å"sit† then it will be rewarded, though it is no longer necessary to reward the animal after every completion of the command, instead rewarding it every now and then. This was also found in Skinner’s box, in which the rat learnt to press a lever in order to receive a food pellet, psychologists would therefore argue that both of these methods of conditioning are considered objective studies which provide clear findings. Popper also argued that in order for a hypothesis or theory to be considered scientific it must be falsifiable, in practise this means that for the study to be valid there must also be subjects which prove the study to be false. For example, to say that â€Å"all lions are mammals† would not be falsifiable, as it would be impossible to conduct the amount of study necessary to disprove this theory, however, to say â€Å"all lions have yellow fur†, it would only be necessary to find one lion with brown fur in order to prove this falsifiable, Popper(1959, cited by Hill 2009: 19) argued that â€Å"science advances through refutation rather than support†. Psychology, namely the biological approach, has been helped through the advancements in technology, for example, now it is possible to use medical equipments to see the functions of the brain via electrical pulses, though obviously this does not give us an image of what someone is thinking it does provide us with information as to which different triggers the varying reactions which until recently we have not been able to understand, obviously, this provides us with clear findings. Until the 1950s, Behaviourism dominated psychological experimentation as psychologists such as John Watson believed that only observable behaviour should be investigated if psychology wished to be considered an objective science. Thus, though psychology may not have directly effected the advances in technology the benefit it has seen from these advances are clear, it is now possible for psychologists to view the workings of the brain through the advances in other areas of science, therefore this can only inflate psychology’s status as a separate scientific discipline. Despite the arguments for psychology to be considered a science there are, of course, those that believe it should not. Those who are against the idea of psychology as a science believe there are many issues surrounding areas of psychology and the methods of investigation it carries out, one area of concern is that of sampling; random, stratified, opportunity, self-selecting/volunteer. The first in the above list, random sampling, is very rarely used, or at least it is very rare that it can be considered ‘true’; â€Å"true random sampling only occurs when every member of a target population has an equal chance of being selected† (Hill, 2009: 35), this is rarely the case as in a large target audience, in order for everyone to have an equal chance there would be a severe drain on the available resources so that the list could be compiled; many studies do not have the funding or resources available to them to waste on said list, so a truly random list of subjects is rarely achieved. Stratified sampling provides the same constraints on resources as random sampling; it is very time consuming and costly, this is due to the method that is used in order to perform stratified sampling – dividing the target population in to various subcategories then selecting members of these subcategories in to the proportion necessary to conduct the relevant research. Opportunity and self-selecting methods of sampling both provide problems in terms of bias, though from different perspectives. In terms of opportunity sampling not only does it give unrepresentative samples it is often biased on the part of the researcher, whom may pick people to take part in their study whom they believe will be more ‘helpful’ to his or her hypothesis.

The concept of hegemony - Politics Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 4029 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The concept of hegemony is notoriously difficult to quantify both in concrete political terms and in a less tangible philosophical manner. Moreover, in a world increasingly divided upon religious as opposed to ideological lines, the concept of hegemony has suffered from a certain crisis of relevance whereby it would seem that the preponderance of resources has indeed become the central precept for the paradigm per se; whereby, furthermore, economic and cultural imperialism have united to ensure the dominance of one geo political system within the international order in the vacuum created by the dissolution of ideology and the triumph of multi national capitalism. Yet all is not quite as it seems in the modern international sphere. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The concept of hegemony Politics Dissertations" essay for you Create order Current events have a distinctly repetitive feel but, at the same time, the international relations landscape is changing and re configuring its boundaries with such rapidity and vigour that definitions and sweeping statements are deemed, correctly, to be out of place concerning any particular sphere of international relations. Certainly, the broader subject of hegemony and inter state communication is of utmost importance in the comprehension of the new world order, though keeping track of new theories is an essentially difficult, contradictory experience, particularly at the dawn of the twenty first century. As Benno Teschke (2003:1) explains in the opening chapter of his book, The Myth of 1648, the entire subject of contemporary international relations theory is in a constant state of flux, inspired by the death of the nation state and the advent of post modernity. The classical Westphalian system, rooted in the primacy of the modern, territorially bounded sovereign state, is being replaced by a post territorial, post modern global order. The old logic of geopolitical security is being subordinated to geo economics, multi level global governance, or the demands of a multi actor international civil society. A fundamental transformation in the structure of the international system and its rules of conflict and co operation is unfolding before our eyes. For the purposes of the essay, it will be necessary to analyse the concept of hegemony from its origins to see how it has evolved over time and where its relevance might lie within todays post structuralist society, taking a chronological view so as to see how its conceptual meaning has altered along the way. It will likewise be necessary to examine international economic realities and histories as well as political instances of hegemony to highlight the essential duality between continuity and change in other words, how the past might help us to better understand the present and the future, yet also how the current world order presents unique problems that were of no relevance in the past, which necessarily makes an overall academic judgement more problematic. First a definition of hegemony must be attempted. Within the context of this essay, it is extremely important to comprehend the inherently different strands of hegemony: political, military, economic and cultural. Even more noteworthy is the general interchange that is apparent between the above factors politics merges with economics and military helps to define any given national culture, which, in turn, means that hegemony is very difficult to quantify in the essentially narrow conceptual terms of simply a preponderance of resources. It will be shown that, throughout recorded history, nations and states have used a combination of factors to control other states, all designed to increase the security of the region and underwrite the strength of the dominant geo political power. Each nation and state that has enjoyed a period of relative dominance has chosen, either through external circumstances that have been thrust upon the rulers or via a conscious, calculated ideological choice , to use one of the above themes of hegemony to perpetuate its power base. When a group of people takes control over the fate of another it is never via only one of the above strands political, military, economic or cultural. Rather, there always exists a concoction of more than one of the dominant conceptual themes to achieve the sum of hegemony and though much has changed throughout the course of history, this central precept remains difficult to ignore. The key player in any discussion pertaining to hegemony and the preponderance of resources has to be the state. Certainly, as far as G. John Ikenberry (1986:53) is concerned, the interaction between any given domestic and international political economy has always been at the epicentre of international relations theory and the comprehension of the rule of empire and state elites lies in understanding the ultimate power that the state has always possessed. As administrative and coercive organisations, states are embedded in complex political and economic environments and have a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Although they vary considerably, they have several elements in common. All states make exclusive claims to the coercive and juridical control of particular territories, and they also make special claims to the definition and representation of broad national interests. In conceptual terms, hegemony is best understood as the expression of societys ruling classes over the majority of the nation or state over whom they propose to rule. Gramsci (1971:328), the interwar international relations academic and political prisoner who spent his final years behind bars in Mussolinis Italy, describes hegemony as, a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in all manifestations of individual and collective life. Gramsci here describes cultural hegemony, which was of particular relevance when he was writing in the 1930s, in a world that was dominated by ideological concerns. This type of hegemony and cultural control is a constant political reality that has been a feature of culture and society since the first recorded migrations of man. Never has hegemony as an ideal simply been confined to the realms of natural resources and economic might; it has always been an intangible equation of political power expressed through the elite of any particular nation, state or empire. The much celebrated Athenians, for example, made hegemony an everyday feature of the ancient world, whereby people were defined via their status within the broader Greek political and cultural hierarchy. The Greeks underscored their cultural ideal of hegemony with language and politics, especially the concept of citizenship, which remains a key feature in the study of political and cultural hegemony today. The United States today uses its visa system, for example, to differentiate between alien visitors from within the wider plates of the hegemony that it has created. In the ancient world, Plato and Aristotle grouped the various bands of hegemony together to form what they saw as civilisation. Therefore, to be an Athenian Greek was to be a civilised member of the hegemony of the nascent nation state; to be a barbarian was to be an uncivilised member of the outposts of society, the parts where hegemony had hitherto failed to penetrate as a paradigm and as a cultural and economic force. This phenomenon has since been mirrored in the twenty first century with President Bushs with us or against us stance to global terrorism, where hegemony is once again used as the primary force in the perpetuation of the dominant military, political and economic power of the epoch. Ancient cultures used the acquisition of foreign resources to underline their superior military and cultural power, although it should be noted that the technology and logistics did not then exist to ensure the movement of goods and services across inter state borders so that the preponderance of resources could not become the only outlet of hegemony as a concept. The Middle East trade route, for instance, remained a largely autonomous cultural, political and economic region in spite of the combined power of the Greek and Roman Empires, curtailing efforts at building an Empire from the sole premise of a sound economic base. Therefore, in the ancient world, hegemony meant much more than a preponderance of resources. It implied tangible political and citizenry rights and access to a pre defined status quo that was welded by the elite members of the state and continually updated and re defined by the men and women who had access to power within the machinations of the state. Indeed, the central role of the human actors within the state system remain as relevant today as they were in the ancient world and to dismiss their relevance as secondary to the preponderance of resources would be to misinterpret the dynamics of inter state governance. Individual diplomats, ministers, parties and politics will always have a bearing on the future of both international relations as well as the concept of hegemony where economic resources are only one factor in a much larger pyramid of political and economic concerns. It thus becomes apparent that hegemony must co exist with the broader notion of empire, which is itself constructed upon the solid foundations of economic dynamism garnered through the procurement of resources. The notion of empire altered irrevocably during the dawn of modern history where industrialisation proved to be the catalyst for the significant, seismic shift in the view of hegemony as cultural, economic and political benchmark. The nineteenth century was indeed a watershed in terms of the re drawing of the conceptual parameters of hegemony. The Victorian era saw the traditional European empires of France, Belgium, Britain and Germany use their vast military and economic superiority to carve up the undeveloped world amongst each other with the procurement of raw materials and economic resources utilised as the main motivation for extra territorial action. Without doubt, it is at this juncture in world history that the preponderance of resources becomes the pre eminent factor in the power of hegemony and cultural imperialism. The Scramble for Africa, for instance, constituted a devouring of the worlds finest natural resources and raw materials; resources that were unavailable in Europe were discovered in seemingly endless abundance in Africa and the poor political and social infrastructure of the indigenous tribes meant that, militarily, it was a case of simply buying off the key local decision makers and men of influence to ensure European preponderance of locally based economic wealth. Furthermore, unlike the false promise of El Dorado that hampered the conquistadores in Latin America, the lure of previously unimaginable wealth in Africa was the determining factor behind the unprecedented and swift carving up of the African continent. The impulse for hegemony, in this instance, was therefore the possibility of individual accumulation of economic empire as well as the broader national acquisition of another nations indigenous wealth. Charles Tilly (1985:172) explains how the extraction of resources from local producers and traders in Africa was the most important development for the edification of European hegemony in the undeveloped world and for the structure of the contemporary world order today. The quest inevitably involved them in establishing regular access to capitalists who could supply and arrange credit, and to imposing one form of regular taxation or another on the people and activities within their sphere of control. Industrialisation was therefore the central difference between nineteenth century views of imperial hegemony and that which was witnessed in the ancient and medieval worlds. Resources became, for the first time, the main concern of empire builders. This period in world history is also important for what it implies about the motives of the European leaders and rulers who embarked upon their scramble for Africas resources. What is immediately noticeable when reading the primary sources of these explorers was the way in which they attempted to hide their true (economic) motive from view. The first British travellers to the dark continent promulgated the view that the Europeans were on a civilising mission to save the Africans from a life of pagan sin. Moreover, they said, their religious and missionary zeal would inevitably rub off on the political and economic mood of the continent so that, in effect, the Africans would wish to copy their European partners in order to better help thems elves in the long term; politically, economically and socially. To achieve this end, the Europeans thus tied the notion of political territorial acquisition to the preponderance of resources by controlling the mechanisms of the fledgling states as well as the production of raw materials and natural resources. The nineteenth century partition of the undeveloped world by the most powerful industrial states of the age thus left a legacy that is of the utmost relevance for the topic of hegemony in todays twenty first century society. As economic resources become increasingly scarce in the contemporary world, the major Western powers must find ways of securing the holding of resources while covering up the raw economic reasons for doing so. One can see, as Chomsky and Vidal attest, a certain similarity between the contemporary US symptom of national security and the war on terror and the Victorian ideal of a missionary zeal. Significantly, both propaganda spins fail to recognise that the preponderance of resources is the real reason why these states have found themselves fighting foreign wars and stationing troops so very far from their own national borders in the recent past. Of added significance was the fact that the Victorian experimentation with imperialism showed, for the first time, how a state might achieve supreme power with resources and capital based outside of the national territorial borders. Susan Strange (1988:2) sees this as the most important step in the development of true imperial hegemony in the West; the point where a modern nation has the ability to dictate key economic policy far beyond its own national, geo political borders. The location of productive capacity is far less important than the location of the people who maker the decisions on what is to be produced, where and how, and who design, direct and manage to sell successfully on a world market. At this point it makes sense to shift the focus of our investigation from a broader viewpoint of historical instances of hegemony to a dissection of the most important contemporary topic within the confines of the essay title. The key contemporary actor within the study, without a doubt, must be the United States, the source of the preponderance of twenty first century economic resources and the still the most potent post modern military force on the planet. As the eminent British historian, E.H. Carr (1992:292), writing on the eve of the Second World War, testified, hegemony is a by product of realism; an essentially Darwinist view of politics that suggests a discernibly detectable survival of the fittest in international affairs. The unassailable American hegemony of the post modern age is best understood within this wholly realist context. To attempt to ignore power as a decisive factor in every political situation is purely utopian. It is scarcely less utopian to imagine an international order built on a coalition of states, each striving to defend and assert its own interests. Since 1945 the USA has built its empire upon the twin pillars of the military and its insatiable consumer economy, even going so far as to re model the state to the tune of the desires of the political economy. The National Security Act (1947), for example, which oversaw the formation of the CIA, was the first in a long history of decrees and acts designed to ensure the longevity of the republican model and the destruction of all of its ideological enemies in the process. Gore Vidal (2004:95 96) explains the dynamic nature of American national security policy, post 1945, a policy that deemed aggression as the best form of political and economic defence. When Japan surrendered, the United States was faced with a choice: either disarm, as we had done in the past and enjoy the prosperity that comes from releasing so much wealth and energy into the private sector, or maintain ourselves on a fully military basis, which would mean a tight control over our allies and such conquered provinces as West Germany, Italy and Japan. It is important to understand that Washington wishes its control of the globe not to be limited to its dominance of world economic resources; rather, hegemony, as it is understood in 2005, is a varied political, economic and cultural phenomenon that wishes to export the very ethos of the United States as well as importing the wealth generated by the nations pre eminent economic position. To date, the United States has used language, technology and the military to acquire its vast array of economic resources and likewise uses its dynamic corporate ethic to underpin the strategies of the imperial national government. Therefore, to see the preponderance of resources as the only specific aim of American hegemony in the twenty first century is to miss the point entirely. As previously outlined, the American government understands the essential interplay between the various features of hegemony. Certainly, the USA has used economics as its basis for the extension of power witnessed since 1 945 but the ideology of the most awesome capitalist country on the planet has been held in place via the spread of its symbolic features to every corner of the globe (except, of course, for large swathes of the Middle East, which is a source of much of the antagonism between the two diametrically opposed sections of the new global economy). Various international relations commentators have noted the way in which imperial America uses brand names such as MacDonalds and Nike to increase the economic and cultural hegemony of the US Empire, leaving fast food restaurants and designer clothes chains as castles by proxy. As Chomsky (2003:13) succinctly puts it: The goal of the imperial grand strategy is to prevent any challenge to the power, position and prestige of the United States. Theories have abounded concerning the so called decline of American hegemony, largely circulating since the oil crisis in the 1970s, which first highlighted the fragility of the preponderance of key natural resources in the post modern world. Susan Strange disagrees fundamentally with international relations commentators such as Nye, who see Americas decline as an inevitable by product of the notion of both hegemony and Empire, essentially dictating that from Rome to Byzantium to Britain any attempt to secure global pre eminence must end in the destruction of that political and economic model. She argues that the USA is a unique case that shows no signs of the fragmentation that beset its historical precedents. Essentially, this means that US notions of hegemony are not solely tied to economic factors pertaining to the preponderance of resources; its survival and indeed growth rests upon the fact that the USA ideal of hegemony is far more flexible than many critics give it credit f or. As Cox (2005:21) underscores, the issue of American hegemony entails far more than a swelling of the national treasury at the expense of extra territorial economic resources. One of the more obvious objections to the idea of a specific American empire is that, unlike the real empires in the past, the United States has not acquired, and does not seek to acquire the territory of others. This in turn has been allied to another obvious objection: that the United States has often championed the cause of political freedom in the world. How then can one talk of empire when one of the United States obvious impulses abroad has been to advance the cause of national democracy and self determination? The issue of hegemony in contemporary times is further hampered by the ambiguity and uncertainty that surrounds the ultra contentious geo political and economic topic of globalisation. Not only have scholars found globalisation extremely difficult to define but it also poses unique problems of conceptual bracketing. It is supposedly an economic question (intrinsically tied to the preponderance of resources) yet in practice, globalisation appears to be little more than an extension of American political hegemony, namely the spread of democracy to every reach of the globe as the initial platform on which to launch a visionary global hegemony. Whereas the nineteenth century European empires formulated the concept of the preponderance of natural resources as the most vital step on the way to the establishment of their brand of hegemony, the Americans in the twenty first century have used technology, particularly their corporate dominance of new media and the Internet to strengthen their dominant position in the world economy. Globalisation therefore is tantamount to Westernisation, which is itself a direct descendent of Americanisation. According to Sinclair et al (2004:297), world patterns of communication flow, both in density and direction, mirror the system of domination in the economic and political order, and in this way it can be shown how US hegemony is built upon sterner raw materials than the mere preponderance of economic resources. Indeed, logic dictates that if the USAs global hegemony was only standing upon the prevalence of resources, then its position would be nothing like as contentious as it is in the broa der world order, constituting the front line of the new global disorder, as Robert Harvey describes it. Indeed, Harvey (2003:455) already views the concept of global hegemony as outdated, requiring five separate but interconnecting strands of economic and politic pro action to keep the status quo alive in the future. These then are the five great areas of change necessary to avoid a state of global political economic anarchy: the establishment of superpower policing to combat terrorism and to prevent conflicts breaking out all over the world, through an efficient system of regional alliances and deterrents, backed up by the threat of major superpower intervention; the widening and deepening of global democracy; the regulation of the global economy through co operation between the three economic super states of the next few decades America, Europe and Japan in co operation with regional groupings of the rest of the world; a gigantic government primed stimulus for demand and development in the three quarters of the developing world untouched by globalisation; and reform from within of the capitalist corporation. Conclusion The analysis of hegemony and power bases throughout history shows that the prevalence of resources is but one factor in a multi faceted chain of command that requires a strong military and political infrastructure as well as a flourishing economic base to prevail. The upsurge in interest that the topic of hegemony has generated in recent years has been due to the power of the worlds one remaining superpower alone. Hegemony has become synonymous with Americas quest for global dominance and various commentators have cited the contemporary war on terror as nothing but a smokescreen for the increasing garnering of resources, particularly oil in the Middle East. Indeed, Vidal (2004:7) compares the war on terror to a war on dandruff; such is his confusion over what the notion actually means. There is no doubt that it is this perceived neo imperialism that is at the heart of the current negativity surrounding the concept of hegemony and its continued association with solely (Western) economic motives. However, it should be noted that a significant change in the global order is currently under way, one in which the Americans will have to broker what Strange (1988:17) refers to as a series of New Deals with autonomous international states in order to remain a leading economic force. The advent of China, in particular, as the twenty first centurys most potent consumer and industrial society will undoubtedly challenge the very ideal of American and Western hegemony and will necessarily require a re drafting of the USAs preponderance of resources. Hegemony must, in effect, adapt to a discernible duality and spirit of inter state co operation that the concept has not known in the past. The concept of hegemony therefore has value far beyond the preponderance of resources as the evolving concept of globalisation is in the process of emphasising. As globalisation begins to take hold as an economic, cultural and political reality, the effects of hegemony will be felt in all areas of the world that wish to be part of the dissolution of the concept of the nation state and the embracement of a new political and economic world order.